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Ahmed Rashid's Failure in Cross Cultural 
Communication
His American Audiences Were Shocked at His Report 
on the Taliban, 
Women 
and 
Burqas
RASHID DROPPED HIS BURQA BOMBSHELL ON 
AUDIENCES FOR WHOM SEMI-NUDITY 
IS THE NORM
[This is another excerpt from 
Dr. Kaukab Siddique's 
forthcoming book 
RETURN TO 
PAKISTAN. 
A librarian in Karachi showed 
interest in helping to get it 
published in Pakistan after the first excerpt was 
posted. The author is still 
looking for publishers in the 
U.S., 
U.K and 
Canada.]
For me, Ahmed Rashid, as epitomized in his 
book Taliban, represents the 
hegemonistic linkage between the Pakistani and 
American 
media 
elites and 
power structures. With his study of the Taliban 
as oppressors of women, Rashid 
provided the moral high ground the American 
elites need to "sell" their war to 
the American people. For Rashid, the Taliban were 
people who forced women into a 
position worse than that of the Jews under 
Hitler. They were, for him, 
religious bigots, who denied women basic human 
rights such as medical and health 
facilities,  education and even fresh air. They 
wanted to make women stay cooped 
up in homes which were no less than their 
prisons. They imposed the burqa on 
women (which now is known all over the western 
world as the instrument of 
repression, owing to the power of western 
media).
Ahmed Rashid tried to denigrate the concept 
of Jihad by attempting to 
connect the repression of women with it. He 
wrote:
"In the madrassa milieu, control over women 
and their virtual exclusion 
was a powerful symbol of manhood and a 
reaffirmation of the students' 
commitment to 
jihad. 
Denying a role for women 
gave the Taliban a kind of false 
legitimacy amongst these elements." (Page 111) 
Rashid's main point  is summed up 
thus: 
"So the oppression of women became a benchmark 
for the Taliban's Islamic 
radicalism, their aim to 'cleanse' society and to 
keep the morale of their troops 
high." (Ibid.)
Rashid was entirely off the mark but my 
purpose here is to discuss why 
the American people were deceived by his 
propaganda. For an understanding of the 
tragic deception which Rashid successfully 
introduced into the American 
understanding of the Taliban, let us first look 
at the American way of life.
I have lived in America for 33 years. I can 
say with assurance that 
most Americans do not mind semi-nudity. During 
the summer months, the beaches are 
covered with men, women, and children who are 
very scantily dressed. The 
acceptance of partial and even complete nudity is 
not something strange or 
abnormal for Americans. The process begins at a 
young age for both sexes. In 
dormitory showers and in locker rooms, especially 
after sports events, semi or 
complete nudity is not seen as something strange. 
Men take off all their clothes in 
front of other men for purposes of change of 
clothes or for showers. The same 
applies to women stripping in front of other 
women. Quite normal and decent 
people do this form of undressing.
In urinals, people have little privacy from 
others while relieving 
themselves. Only defecation takes place behind 
closed doors. In public, women and 
men dress in shorts and sleeveless shirts. Women 
who want to attract  
attention have to go to extreme forms of undress 
if they want to become famous, such 
as in the case of Madonna, because regular 
semi-nudity is seen as mundane and 
unremarkable.
I remember in 1974 an Islamic leader from 
Pakistan visited me and stayed 
overnight. The next day, he looked out the window 
and saw our neighbor, a 
woman wearing short shorts and a tiny top. She 
was bending down, tending to her 
flower beds. My visitor could not help wondering 
aloud if she was a 
prostitute. I had to explain to him that she was 
a housewife and a mother and such dress 
is quite common, especially in the summer. [This 
was in a conservative town 
in Canada.]
Thus there is huge cultural divide between 
America and Pakistan. As for 
Afghanistan, it is a land which requires 
considerable cultural acumen for a 
writer to make it understandable and available to 
Americans in any sensible 
way. Most Afghans would go into shock to know 
that there are "girlie" magazines 
in America where women not only willingly get 
themselves photographed in the 
nude but contort themselves into poses which 
would reveal the details of their 
private parts. Such magazines sell several 
million copies every month in the 
U.S.. Many American women, who are used to 
wearing bikinis and tiny shorts on 
the beaches, do not see any reason why they 
should not make money by taking off 
the little they wear while in a relaxed mood.
Recently a popular woman artist, La Toya, was 
on the Larry King Show, 
which is seen on 
CNN 
from coast to coast in 
America and overseas. King asked her 
about her having taken off all her clothes for a 
photograph which appeared in 
a pulpy "for men" magazine. She was quite happy 
about her photo. Then King 
mused about what her husband's response was to 
her nude photo being splashed in a 
widely read publication. She explained that 
during one of their visits to 
Israel, 
she had asked her husband about it and he 
was quite enthusiastic and 
encouraged her all the way. It would not be an 
exaggeration to say that in 
America, even male jealousy is no longer an 
obstacle in the way of a wife taking off 
her clothes for all to see.
Within that CONTEXT, Ahmed Rashid dropped 
his bombshell of Afghan women 
being forced to wear the "HEAD to TOE" burqa. His 
book had the desired 
effect. Americans went into culture shock. For 
them, the Taliban became the epitome 
of evil, cold blooded devils who had actually 
imprisoned half the population 
of Afghanistan.
The Taliban had no idea what Rashid was up 
to. They accepted his visits 
and allowed him to visit areas under their 
control. He never quoted even one 
Islamic woman in his book. Instead he quotes 
women who were obviously from the 
tiny westernized class of Afghanis (and only the 
ones from Kabul) who provided 
him his quotes. One woman Nasiba Gul, whom he 
describes as dressed in "a long 
skirt and high heels," told him: "The Taliban 
just want to trample women into 
the dust. No woman, not even the poorest or most 
conservative wants the 
Taliban to rule Afghanistan." (Page 110)
The problem with the thesis Rashid wanted to 
develop is that the Taliban 
leader Mullah Omar started his struggle to clean 
up Afghanistan when the 
father of a girl who had been raped by a 
warlord's people appealed to him for help. 
Omar could not bear the thought of a crime 
against a woman. Under the 
Taliban, there were no rapes from 1996 to 2001. 
The degradation of women which had 
become widespread during the civil war ended when 
the Taliban forces seized 
power.
So what is the real story about the 
segregation of women, especially in 
Kabul, and what is the role of the burqa in 
Afghanistan? If we understand 
what happened in Afghanistan, we can also 
understand the role of Ahmed Rashid and 
the tiny secularized ruling class of Pakistan.
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2003-06-14 Sat 08:33ct